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- Feeding the premature infant in the 20th century.J Nutr. 2001; 131: 426s-430s
- Breastfeeding and the use of human milk.Pediatrics. 2012; 129: e827-e841
- Nutritional needs of low-birth-weight infants.Pediatrics. 1977; 60: 519-530
- Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants.Pediatrics. 2006; 117: 1253-1261
- Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support.Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e101-e109
- Greater early gains in fat-free mass, but not fat mass, are associated with improved neurodevelopment at 1 year corrected age for prematurity in very low birth weight preterm infants.J Pediatr. 2016; 173: 108-115
- Early body composition changes are associated with neurodevelopmental and metabolic outcomes at 4 years of age in very preterm infants.Pediatr Res. 2018; 84: 713-718
- Composition and variation of macronutrients, immune proteins, and human milk oligosaccharides in human milk from nonprofit and commercial milk banks.J Hum Lact. 2018; 34: 120-129
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the nutrient content of preterm and term breast milk.BMC Pediatr. 2014; 14: 216
- Outcomes of human milk-fed premature infants.Semin Perinatol. 2011; 35: 29-33
- Donor human milk for the high-risk infant: preparation, safety, and usage options in the United States.Pediatrics. 2017; 139: e20163440
- Donor human milk for preterm infants: current evidence and research directions.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013; 57: 535-542
- Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 7: Cd002971
- Effect of supplemental donor human milk compared with preterm formula on neurodevelopment of very low-birth-weight infants at 18 months: a randomized clinical trial.Jama. 2016; 316: 1897-1905
- Differences in the composition of preterm and term human milk during early lactation.Pediatr Res. 1982; 16: 113-117
- Human milk: comparison of the nitrogen composition in milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants.Am J Clin Nutr. 1980; 33: 811-815
- Fortification of human milk for preterm infants.Semin Fetal neonatal Med. 2017; 22: 30-35
- Donor human milk update: evidence, mechanisms, and priorities for research and practice.J Pediatr. 2017; 180: 15-21
- Effects of milk banking procedures on nutritional and bioactive components of donor human milk.Semin Perinatol. 2021; 45: 151382
- The nutritional composition and energy content of donor human milk: a systematic review.Adv Nutr (Bethesda, Md). 2020; 11: 960-970
- Fat and protein variability in donor human milk and associations with milk banking processes.Breastfeed Med. 2020; 15: 370-376
- Milk bank pooling practices impact concentrations and variability of bioactive components of donor human milk.Front Nutr. 2020; 7: 579115
- Multi-nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 5: Cd000343
- Postnatal growth failure in preterm infants: ascertainment and relation to long-term outcome.J Perinatal Med. 2006; 34: 484-489
- Infant growth before and after term: effects on neurodevelopment in preterm infants.Pediatrics. 2011; 128: e899-e906
- How should we define postnatal growth restriction in preterm infants?.Neonatology. 2018; 114: 177-180
- Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 8: Cd000341
- Carbohydrate supplementation of human milk to promote growth in preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 9: Cd000280
- Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 9: Cd000433
- Fortification of human milk for preterm infants: update and recommendations of the european milk bank association (EMBA) working group on human milk fortification.Front Pediatr. 2019; 7: 76
- Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving human milk.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 11: Cd013465
- Targeting human milk fortification to improve very preterm infant growth and brain development: study protocol for Nourish, a single-center randomized, controlled clinical trial.BMC Pediatr. 2021; 21: 167
- Growth benefits of own mother's milk in preterm infants fed daily individualized fortified human milk.Nutrients. 2019; 11: 772
- Target fortification of breast milk: how often should milk analysis be done?.Nutrients. 2015; 7: 2297-2310
- Bed Side" human milk analysis in the neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review.Clin Perinatol. 2017; 44: 209-267
- Infrared analyzers for breast milk analysis: fat levels can influence the accuracy of protein measurements.Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017; 55: 1931-1935
- Validation of mid-infrared spectroscopy for macronutrient analysis of human milk.J Perinatol. 2017; 37: 822-826
- Calculating protein content of expressed breast milk to optimize protein supplementation in very low birth weight infants with minimal effort-a secondary analysis.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 1231
- Early versus delayed fortification of human milk in preterm infants: a systematic review.Neonatology. 2020; 117: 24-32
- Early fortification of human milk versus late fortification to promote growth in preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020; 7: Cd013392
- Early versus late fortification of breast milk in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eur J Pediatr. 2020; 179: 1057-1068
- Protein intakes during weaning from parenteral nutrition drive growth gain and body composition in very low birth weight preterm infants.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 1298
- Associations of growth and body composition with brain size in preterm infants.J Pediatr. 2019; 214 (e22): 20-26
- Nutrition, illness and body composition in very low birth weight preterm infants: implications for nutritional management and neurocognitive outcomes.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 145
- Energy and protein intake during the transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition in infants of very low birth weight.J Pediatr. 2018; 202 (e31): 38-43
- Standardized parenteral nutrition for the transition phase in preterm infants: a bag that fits.Nutrients. 2018; 10: 170
- From parenteral to enteral nutrition: a nutrition-based approach for evaluating postnatal growth failure in preterm infants.JPEN J Parenter enteral Nutr. 2014; 38: 489-497
- Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014: Cd000503
- In preterm infants, does fluid restriction, as opposed to liberal fluid prescription, reduce the risk of important morbidities and mortality?.J paediatrics Child Health. 2019; 55: 860-866
- High versus standard volume enteral feeds to promote growth in preterm or low birth weight infants.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 3: Cd012413
- Higher- or usual-volume feedings in infants born very preterm: a randomized clinical trial.J Pediatr. 2020; 224 (e61): 66-71
- Percent body fat content measured by plethysmography in infants randomized to high- or usual-volume feeding after very preterm birth.J Pediatr. 2021; 230 (e253): 251-254
- An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products.J Pediatr. 2010; 156: 562-567 e561
- Human milk-derived fortifier versus bovine milk-derived fortifier for prevention of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 2019
- Nutrient enrichment of human milk with human and bovine milk-based fortifiers for infants born weighing <1250 g: a randomized clinical trial.Am J Clin Nutr. 2018; 108: 108-116
- Preterm infants fed cow's milk-derived fortifier had adverse outcomes despite a base diet of only mother's own milk.Breastfeed Med. 2020; 15: 297-303
- Randomized trial of exclusive human milk versus preterm formula diets in extremely premature infants.J Pediatr. 2013; 163: 1592-1595
- Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula--Tennessee, 2001.MMWR Morbidity mortality weekly Rep. 2002; 51: 297-300
- Prevention of invasive Cronobacter infections in young infants fed powdered infant formulas.Pediatrics. 2012; 130: e1076-e1084
- Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bioactive milk proteins in the intestine of newborns.Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013; 45: 1730-1747
- Diet modulates the high sensitivity to systemic infection in newborn preterm pigs.Front Immunol. 2020; 11: 1019
- Comparative effectiveness of liquid human milk fortifiers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutr Clin Pract. 2021; 36: 1144-1162
- Concentrating human milk: an innovative point-of-care device designed to increase human milk feeding options for preterm infants.J Perinatol. 2021; 41: 582-589
- A novel donkey milk-derived human milk fortifier in feeding preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019; 68: 116-123
- Effects on gastroesophageal reflux of donkey milk-derived human milk fortifier versus standard fortifier in preterm newborns: additional data from the fortilat study.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 2142
- The "Fortilat" randomized clinical trial follow-up: auxological outcome at 18 months of age.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 3730
- The "Fortilat" randomized clinical trial follow-up: neurodevelopmental outcome at 18 months of Age.Nutrients. 2020; 12: 3807
- Bovine colostrum for preterm infants in the first days of life: a randomized controlled pilot trial.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018; 66: 471-478
- Gut colonization in preterm infants supplemented with bovine colostrum in the first week of life: an explorative pilot study.JPEN J Parenter enteral Nutr. 2021; 46: 592-599
Parker M. Human Milk feeding and fortification of human milk for premature infants. In: UptoDate, Post TW (ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. (Accessed on July 7th, 2021.)
- Current recommendations of advisable nutrient intakes for fully enterally fed VLBW infants.in: Kleinman R.E. Greer F.R. Pediatric nutrition. 8th edition. 2019
- Nutrition in the preterm infant: scientific basis and practical guidelines.Digital Educational Publishing Inc, Cinncinati, OH2005
- Mead Johnson Nutrition. Enfamil® human milk fortifier powder.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- Abbott. Similac® Human milk fortifier powder.(Available at:) (Accessed November 22, 2020)
- Mead Johnson Nutrition. Enfamil® liquid human milk fortifier standard protein.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- Mead Johnson Nutrition. Enfamil® liquid human milk fortifier high protein.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- Abbott. Similac® Human milk fortifier concentrated liquid.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- Abbott. Similac® Human milk fortifier hydrolyzed protein concentrated liquid.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- Prolacta® Bioscience. Preterm nutrition products.(Available at:) (Accessed June 15, 2021)
- A new liquid human milk fortifier and linear growth in preterm infants.Pediatrics. 2012; 130: e928-e935
- Evaluation of human milk fortification from the time of the first feeding: effects on infants of less than 31 weeks gestational age.J Perinatol : official J Calif Perinatal Assoc. 2012; 32: 525-531
- Human milk fortification with differing amounts of fortifier and its association with growth and metabolic responses in preterm infants.J Hum Lact. 2013; 29: 400-405
- Growth and tolerance of preterm infants fed a new extensively hydrolyzed liquid human milk fortifier.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015; 61: 665-671
- Early versus delayed human milk fortification in very low birth weight infants-a randomized controlled trial.J Pediatr. 2016; 174 (e121): 126-131